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Branches from the arch of aorta

Acute appendicitis

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Mediastinum

Insomnia

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Anastomosis around elbow joint

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Anastomosis around shoulder joint

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Life- a Test!

Every now and then we people complain about our lives, our status and our Health and so on so that we have a never-ending lists of complains. Such a situation or even every situation should be analysed according to Quran and Sunnah that why we are being created, should we complain to Allah or consider life as a test or what. The main purpose to write this post is to refresh and realise the purpose of our creation and act according to what Allah has told us in Quran.

So, lets have a glance below to learn what life actually is!!

First of All our purpose of creation as mentioned by The Holy Quran as follows,

[Quran Surah Adh Dhariyat 51:56] I have only created Jinns and men, that they may serve Me.

So the purpose of creation is very well told in this verse of Holy Quran.

[Quran Surah Al-Mulk 67:2] He Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deed: and He is the Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving;-

So, its quite clear from the Ayah above that life is a test. which is mentioned in many of the Ayahs below,

[Quran Surah Al-Baqarah 2:155] Be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere,

[Quran Surah Al-Baqarah 2:156] Who say, when afflicted with calamity: “To Allah (God) We belong, and to Him is our return”:-

[Quran Surah Al-Baqarah 2:157] They are those on whom (Descend) blessings from Allah (God), and Mercy, and they are the ones that receive guidance.

Allah test His creations in many ways and only those will be successful who are steadfast and believe on Allah alone. Allah test His believers by atrocities and affilictions and we should not assume them as the punishment from Allah and signs that Allah is displeased with us or doesn’t like us etc etc. Likewise, we should never construe the success and pleasures that others enjoy as signs that Allah is pleased with them or that they are privileged. Allah has given us the will to do good or bad and this is the way Allah test us that we opt to do good or bad.

Allah expressed in the following ayat that everything in our lives – the good and the bad of it– is a trial for us. How will we cope in the situation that Allah has placed for us? Will we be grateful in prosperity and patient in affliction or will we be arrogant and disobedient?

[Quran Surah Al-Anbiya 21:35] Every soul shall have a taste of death: and We test you by evil and by good by way of trial. to Us must ye return.

[Quran Surah Al-Fajr 89:15] Now, as for man, when his Lord trieth him, giving him honour and gifts, then saith he, (puffed up), “My Lord hath honoured me.”

[Quran Surah Al-Fajr 89:16] But when He trieth him, restricting his subsistence for him, then saith he (in despair), “My Lord hath humiliated me!”

[Quran Surah Al-Anbiya 21:23] He cannot be questioned for His acts, but they will be questioned (for theirs).

As expressed in Ayat below,

[Quran  Surah Al-Nahl 16:9] And unto Allah (God) leads straight the Way, but there are ways that turn aside: if Allah (God) had willed, He could have guided all of you.

Allah has power over all universe, He can make everyone pious and good but then it will not be a test and justice. Justice is that one will be given free will to opt between good and bad and then what that person decides he is destined to get reward or punishment. Like suppose we know that Allah will give us “rizq” but the source of that, we have to choose- whether we are going to have Halal or get it Haram way. One should realise that Allah doesnt need us rather we need His help, blessings and mercy.

[Quran Surah Fatir 35:15] O ye men! It is ye that have need of Allah (God): but Allah (God) is the One Free of all wants, worthy of all praise.

We can never doubt on the power of Allah as He has the power over all universe and He can do want He want to. We can’t blame Him as He loves us seventy times more than ur mother do!!

Muscles of lower limb

Table of Lower Limb Muscles

Muscles of Gluteal Region
Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve	Action
gluteus maximus	outer surface of ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur	inferior gluteal nerve	extends & laterally rotates thigh; through iliotibial tract, it extends knee joint
gluteus medius	outer surface of ilium	greater trochanter of femur	superior gluteal nerve	abducts thigh. Tilts pelvis when walking
gluteus minimus	outer surface of ilium	greater trochanter of femur	superior gluteal nerve	abduct thigh; anterior fibers medially rotate thigh
tensor fasciae latae	iliac crest	iliotibial tract	superior gluteal nerve	assists gluteus major in locking the knee into full extension
piriformis	anterior surface of sacrum	greater trochanteric fossa	1st & 2nd sacral nerves	lateral rotator of thigh
superior gemellus	spine of ischium	greater trochanteric fossa	sacral plexus	lateral rotator of thigh
obturator internus	inner surface of obturator membrane	greater trochanteric fossa	sacral plexus	lateral rotator of thigh
inferior gemellus	ischial tuberosity	greater trochanteric fossa	sacral plexus	lateral rotator of thigh
obturator externus	outer surface of obturator membrane	greater trochanteric fossa of femur	obturator nerve	lateral rotator of thigh
Anterior Compartment of Thigh
sartorius	anterior superior iliac spine	upper medial surface of tibia	femoral nerve	flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh; flexes & medially rotates leg
iliacus	iliac fossa	with psoas into the lesser trochanter of femur	femoral nerve	flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is fixed, it flexes the trunk onto the thigh as in sitting up
psoas	12th thoracic body; transverse process, bodies & intervertebral discs of the 5 lumbar vertebrae	lesser trochanter of femur along with iliacus	lumbar plexus	flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh fixed, it flexes trunk onto thigh as in sitting up
pectineus	superior ramus of pubis	upper end shaft of femur	femoral nerve	flexes and adducts thigh
quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris	straight head from anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head from ilium above acetabulum	quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon	femoral nerve	extension of leg
quadriceps femoris, vastus lateralis	upper end and shaft of femur	quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon	femoral nerve	extension of leg
quadriceps femoris, vastus medialis	upper end and shaft of femur	quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon	femoral nerve	extension of leg
quadriceps femoris, vastus intermedius	shaft of femur	quadriceps tendon into patella; into tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon	femoral nerve	extension of leg
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
gracilis	inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium	upper part of shaft of tibia on medial surface	obturator nerve	adducts thigh and flexes leg
adductor longus	body of pubis	posterior surface of shaft of femur	obturator nerve	adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation
adductor brevis	inferior ramus of pubis	posterior surface of shaft of femur	obturator nerve	adducts thigh; assists in lateral rotation
adductor magnus	inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium, ischial tuberosity	posterior surface of shaft of femur near linea aspera; adductor tubercle of femur	obturator nerve; tibial nerve to hamstring part	adducts thigh and assists in lateral rotation; hamstring part extends thigh
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh
biceps femoris	long head from ischial tuberosity; short head from shaft of femur	head of fibula	long head:tibial; short head:common peroneal	flexes and laterally rotates leg; long head extends thigh
semitendinosus	ischial tuberosity	upper part medial surface of shaft of tibia	tibial nerve	flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh
semimembranosus	ischial tuberosity	medial condyle of tibia; forms oblique popliteal ligament	tibial nerve	flexes and medially rotates leg; extends thigh
adductor magnus (hamstring part)	ischial tuberosity	adductor tubercle of femur	tibial nerve	extends thigh
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg
tibialis anterior	shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane	medial cuneiform & base of first metatarsal	deep peroneal nerve	extends the foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch
extensor digitorum	shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane	extensor expansion of lateral four toes	deep peroneal nerve	extends toes; dorsiflexes (extends) foot
peroneus tertius	shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane	base of 5th metatarsal bone	deep peroneal nerve	dorsiflexes (extends) foot; everts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
extensor hallucis longus	shaft of fibula & interosseous membrane	base of distal phalanx of big toe	deep peroneal nerve	extends big toe; dorsiflexes (extends) foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg
peroneus longus	shaft of fibula	base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform	superficial peroneal nerve	plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches of foot
peroneus brevis	shaft of fibula	base of 5th metatarsal bone	superficial peroneal nerve	plantar flexes foot; everts foot at subtalar & transverse tarsal joints; supports lateral longitudinal arch
Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg
gastrocnemius	medial and lateral condyles of femur	by way of Achilles tendon to calcaneum	tibial nerve	plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
plantaris	lateral supracondylar ridge of femur	calcaneum	tibial nerve	plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
soleus	shafts of tibia and fibula	by way of achilles tendon into calcaneum	tibial nerve	with gastrocnemius & plantaris is powerful plantar flexor of foot; provides main propulsive force in walking & running
popliteus	lateral condyle of femur	shaft of tibia	tibial nerve	flexes leg; unlocks full extension of knee by laterally rotating femur on tibia
flexor digitorum longus	shaft of tibia	distal phalanges of lateral four toes	tibial nerve	flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches of foot
flexor hallucis longus	shaft of fibula	base of distal phalanx of big toe	tibial nerve	flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch
tibialis posterior	shafts of tibia and fibula & interosseous membrane	tuberosity of navicular bone	tibial nerve	plantar flexes foot; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
Muscles on the Dorsum of Foot
extensor digitorum brevis	Calcaneum	by four tendons into the proximal phalanx of big toe and long extensor tendons to 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes	deep peroneal nerve	extends toes
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot (First Layer)
abductor hallucis	medial tubercle of calcaneum; flexor retinaculum	medial side, base of proximal phalanx of big toe	medial plantar nerve	flexes, abducts big toe; supports medial arch
flexor digitorum brevis	medial tubercle of calcaneum	middle phalanx of four lateral toes	medial plantar nerve	flexes lateral four toes; supports medial & lateral longitudinal arches
abductor digiti minimi	medial & lateral tubercles of calcaneum	lateral side base of proximal phalanx 5th toe	lateral plantar nerve	flexes, abducts 5th toe; supports lateral longitudinal arch
muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)
flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)	medial and lateral sides of calcaneum	tendons flexor digitorum longus	lateral plantar nerve	aids long flexor tendon to flex lateral four toes
flexor digitorum longus tendon	shaft of tibia	base of distal phalanx of lateral four toes	tibial nerve	flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot; supports longitudinal arch
lumbricals	tendons of flexor digitorum longus	dorsal extensor expansion of lateral four toes	1st lumbrical from medial plantar; remainder lumbricals from deep branch of lateral plantar nerve	extends toes at interphalangeal joints
flexor hallucis longus	shaft of fibula	base of distal phalanx of big toe	tibial nerve	flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot; supports medial longitudinal arch
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Third Layer)
flexor hallucis brevis	cuboid, lateral cuneiform bones; tibialis posterior insertion	medial & lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of big toe	medial plantar nerve	flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe; supports medial longitudinal arch
adductor hallucis (oblique head)	bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsal bones	lateral side base of proximal phalanx big toe	deep branch of lateral plantar	flexes big toe, supports transverse arch
adductor hallucis (transverse head)	plantar ligaments	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx big toe	deep branch of lateral plantar nerve	flexes big toe; supports transverse arch
flexor digiti minimi brevis	base of 5th metatarsal bone	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe	superior branch of lateral plantar nerve	flexes little toe
Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
dorsal interossei (4)	adjacent sides of metatarsal bones	bases of phalanges and dorsal expansion of corresponding toes	lateral plantar nerve	abduct toes with 2nd toe as the reference; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joint
plantar interossei (3)	3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones	bases of phalanges & dorsal expansion of corresponding toes	lateral plantar nerve	adduct toes with 2nd toe as reference; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints
tendon of peroneus longus	see above	see above	see above	see above
tendon of tibialis posterior	see above	see above	see above	see above

Nerve innervation to lower limb- a mind map

Nobel prize winner-2010

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010

Robert G. Edwards

Born: 27 September 1925, Batley, United Kingdom
Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Prize motivation: “for the development of in vitro fertilization”

Robert is also known as “the father of the test tube baby”
Louise Brown, a health baby was born on July 25^th, 1978 – the world’s first test tube baby. Since 1978, about 4 million babies have been born via IVF, some of whom are parents themselves

source: Nobel prize website

Muscles of upper limb

MIND MAP – OUTLINE of muscles of upper extremity

POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR VIEW of the muscles of upper extremity

Muscles connecting upper limb to thoracic wall

1. Pectoralis Major
origin- sternum, clavical and upper six costal cartilages
insertion- lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
nerve supply- lateral and medial pectoral nerves from brachial plexus.

2. pectoralis minor
origin- 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs
insertion- coracoid process of scapula

nerve supply- medial pectoral nerve from brachial plexus.

3. Subscapularis
origin- 1st costal cartilage
insertion- clavicle
nerve supply- nerve to subscapularis from the upper trunk of brachial plexus.

4. Serratus anterior
Origin- upper 8 ribs
Insertion- medial border and inferior bordrer if scapula
Nerve supply- long thoracic nerve

Muscles connecting upper limb tovertebral column
1. Trapezius-
Origin- Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spine of 7th cervical vertebrae, spines of all thoracic vertebrae
Insertion- upper fibers in to lateral 3rd of clavicle, middle & lower fibers into acromion and spine of scapula
Nerve supply- spinal part of accessory nerve and C3 and C4

2. Latissumus dorsi
Origin- iliac crest, lumber fascia, spines of lower thoracic vertebrae, lower 3 or 4 ribs, and inferior angle of scapula
Insertion- floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Nerve supply- thoraco dorsal nerve

3. Lavator scapulae
Origin- transverse processes of 1st four cervical vertebrae
Insertion- medial border of scapula
Nerve supply- 3 and 4 and dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid minor
Origin- ligamentum nuchae, and spines of 7thcervical anf first thoracic vertebrae
Insertion- medial border of scapula
Nerve supply- dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid major

Origin- 2nd to fifth thoracic vertebrae

Insertion- medial border of scapula

Nerve supply- Dorsal scapular nerve

Blood Physiology

What is blood??

Blood is a fluid which is often regarded as a connective tissue because of the two main reasons.

1) Embrologically it has the same origin (mesodermal) as do the other connective tissue types
2) Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.

 

 

Composition of Blood

1) Plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix 55% of total blood volume

2) Formed elements (cells & cells fragments) 45% of tottal blood volume.

a. Red blood cells (erythrocytes).

b. White blood cells (leukocytes).

c. Platelets (thrombocytes).

 

Plasma is 91.5% water and 8.5 solutes (primarily proteins and mineral ions).

 

Functions of blood

1. Transportation (gases, minerals, wastes, hormones etc)

2.Regulation (pH, osmotic balance etc)

3. Protection (through clotting and other mechanisms)

 

Characteristics

>  Temperature 38°C (100.4°F)

 

n

n> Total blood volume is 5-6 L

 

Hematocrit

The volume percentage of erythrocyes in whole blood is known as hematocrit

 

qNormal female hematocrit – 38-46%

qNormal male Hematocrit  – 40-54%

 

Formation of Blood cells (Haemopoiesis)

 Pluripotent stem cells produce qMyeloid stem cells which give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils while qLymphoid stem cells give rise to nLymphocytes.

 

Formation of RBCs is called Erythropoisis.

 

RBCs (Red Blood cells)

> Biconcave Discs

> mean dia of about 7.8 micrometers

> thickness of about 2.5 micrometers at the thickest point and

> 1 micrometer or less in the center

> avg volume: 90 to 95 cubic micrometer

> contains hemoglobin (Hb) upto 34 grams in each ml of cells.

> lack nucleus- can’t reproduce

> lack mitochondria

> Life- just 120 days

> Slightly alkaline pH 7.35 – 7.45